In the pursuit of achieving a good night’s sleep, temperature regulation is of paramount importance.

Cooling comforters represent an innovative solution designed to maintain comfort and refreshment throughout the night. By effectively regulating body temperature and minimizing night sweats, these bedding essentials can considerably enhance overall sleep quality.

This guide will examine the benefits of cooling comforters, the different types available, essential factors to consider when selecting one, and a comprehensive overview of the top products on the market.

Learn how you can transform your sleep experience.

What Are the Benefits of Using a Cooling Comforter?

Cooling comforters are engineered to enhance sleep comfort and promote overall sleep quality through the application of advanced cooling technology that regulates body temperature.

These innovative bedding solutions utilize breathable fabrics and moisture-wicking properties to deliver a soft texture and inviting feel, making them particularly suitable for individuals who experience night sweats or varying sleep temperatures.

Additionally, the integration of temperature-sensitive materials and ergonomic design facilitates effective heat dissipation, which is crucial for achieving restorative sleep during warmer months or seasons.

1. Regulates Body Temperature

One of the primary advantages of utilizing a cooling comforter is its ability to effectively regulate body temperature throughout the night, thereby significantly enhancing sleep comfort and overall sleep quality. This benefit is particularly important for individuals who experience night sweats or reside in warmer climates.

The incorporation of innovative technologies, such as cooling gel and moisture-wicking fabrics, plays a vital role in facilitating more restorative sleep. These advanced materials not only promote airflow but also absorb excess heat, ensuring that the sleeper remains comfortable. Furthermore, breathable fabrics enhance circulation, which can help mitigate the accumulation of sweat and humidity.

By leveraging these effective features, cooling comforters contribute to improved sleep hygiene, thereby fostering a more conducive environment for rest.

2. Improves Sleep Quality

Cooling comforters significantly enhance sleep quality by maintaining an optimal sleep temperature, thereby promoting restorative sleep and overall well-being.

When individuals experience a comfortable and regulated sleep environment, they tend to fall asleep more quickly and enjoy deeper stages of rest. A properly cooled bed can effectively prevent disruptive nighttime sweat and overheating, which often lead to restless tossing and turning. This not only facilitates a more pleasant sleep experience but also enhances overall sleep comfort, allowing the body to engage in essential restorative processes.

Consequently, individuals who prioritize temperature control in their sleep environment frequently report feeling more energized and focused throughout the day. This underscores the profound impact of a well-managed sleep setting on their daily lives.

3. Reduces Night Sweats and Hot Flashes

Cooling comforters are specifically engineered to alleviate night sweats and hot flashes, thereby providing relief for individuals who experience these discomforts during sleep.

These innovative bedding solutions employ moisture-wicking fabrics and advanced cooling technologies that actively regulate body temperature throughout the night. Such features not only enhance overall comfort levels but also foster a restful sleep environment, enabling users to awaken feeling refreshed rather than sweaty and uncomfortable.

Furthermore, many of these comforters are hypoallergenic, making them an excellent choice for individuals with sensitive skin or allergies. By effectively managing humidity and heat, these products create an optimal sleeping experience, allowing individuals to attain peace and comfort during the night.

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What Types of Cooling Comforters Are Available?

A diverse array of cooling comforters is available in the market, each presenting distinctive features designed to improve sleep quality and comfort through various innovative materials and technologies.

1. Gel-Infused Comforters

Gel-infused comforters employ advanced cooling technology that integrates gel particles within the fabric, offering superior temperature regulation for a restful night’s sleep.

These innovative bedding solutions are particularly advantageous for individuals who tend to overheat during the night, as the gel particles actively absorb and dissipate heat away from the body. The temperature-sensitive materials utilized in gel-infused comforters respond to body heat, adjusting their firmness and support to enhance comfort throughout the night.

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Additionally, the moisture management capabilities of these comforters play a crucial role in maintaining a dry sleeping environment, effectively wicking away perspiration and preventing dampness. With various thickness options available, users can select the ideal level of comfort to match their personal preferences and the climate, ensuring an optimal sleep experience throughout the year.

2. Moisture-Wicking Comforters

Moisture-wicking comforters are designed with breathable fabrics that effectively draw moisture away from the body, thereby ensuring a comfortable sleep environment, even during hot nights.

This innovative technology not only enhances the cooling properties of the bedding but also promotes better sleep hygiene by keeping the sleeper dry and cool throughout the night. Users have reported significantly improved satisfaction when utilizing these specialized fabrics, as they reduce the discomfort often associated with traditional bedding materials.

By rapidly evaporating perspiration, these comforters help maintain an optimal temperature, facilitating uninterrupted rest and rejuvenation. Along with their application in comforters, moisture-wicking fabrics are also available in sheets and pillows, creating a cohesive sleep system designed for maximum comfort and effective moisture management.

3. Natural Materials Comforters

Natural material comforters, such as those composed of cotton or bamboo, represent eco-friendly alternatives that offer breathability and comfort while enhancing overall sleep quality.

These materials not only contribute to a more sustainable environment but also ensure that the bedding remains free from harmful chemicals, making them particularly suitable for individuals with sensitive skin or allergies. With their hypoallergenic properties, natural fiber comforters can significantly reduce allergens and irritants, thereby promoting a healthier sleeping environment.

Additionally, their durability ensures that customers can enjoy long-lasting quality without the necessity for frequent replacements. Investing in such bedding not only enhances personal comfort but also aligns with the increasing demand for responsible consumer choices within the home textiles market.

What Factors Should Be Considered When Choosing a Cooling Comforter?

When selecting a cooling comforter, it is essential to consider several factors to ensure optimal comfort and satisfaction. These factors include the materials utilized, the size and weight of the comforter, as well as the price range and available warranty options.

1. Material and Fill

The selection of materials and fill in a cooling comforter plays a critical role in determining its cooling properties and overall comfort levels. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider these factors when making a selection.

A variety of fabrics are utilized in the manufacture of these comforters, including breathable cotton, moisture-wicking bamboo, and advanced microfiber blends. Each of these options provides distinct advantages aimed at enhancing sleep hygiene.

Hypoallergenic materials are particularly significant, as they help prevent the buildup of allergens and bacteria, thereby creating a healthier sleep environment. Modern fabric technology effectively combines durability with performance, enabling these comforters to endure frequent use while preserving their cooling capabilities.

By choosing a thoughtfully designed cooling comforter, individuals can experience restful nights devoid of overheating and awaken feeling rejuvenated.

2. Size and Weight

The size and weight of a cooling comforter are critical factors that significantly impact its usability and compatibility with various bed sizes, including king, queen, and twin sizes.

Selecting the appropriate dimensions can enhance overall sleep comfort by ensuring adequate coverage and preventing disturbances from chills or overheating. A well-sized comforter can gracefully drape over the bed, contributing to an elegant aesthetic while promoting warmth without excess bulk, thereby facilitating the layering of additional bed accessories such as blankets and throws.

Additionally, the weight of the comforter is an essential consideration, as a lighter option can provide increased breathability for warmer nights, while a heavier choice can offer a comforting, cocoon-like sensation during colder seasons.

By understanding the interplay between size, weight, and layered bedding, individuals can cultivate a serene sleep environment that is tailored to their personal preferences.

3. Price and Warranty

Evaluating the price and warranty of cooling comforters is essential for consumers aiming to make informed decisions and ensure they acquire quality products that align with their specific needs.

By comparing costs among leading brands, shoppers can identify which options offer the most favorable balance of affordability and performance. As many industry experts note in their product testing, reputable brands often command a higher price point, which reflects their dedication to utilizing premium materials and innovative technologies.

A comprehensive warranty can significantly enhance customer satisfaction by providing assurance that any defects or issues will be resolved, thereby fostering trust in the purchase. Expert recommendations frequently underscore that selecting brands with robust warranties not only safeguards the initial investment but also indicates the brand’s confidence in the durability and effectiveness of their cooling comforters.

What Are the Top Cooling Comforters on the Market?

The market for cooling comforters offers a wide array of choices; however, certain brands distinguish themselves through their innovative designs, positive customer reviews, and outstanding features that enhance sleep comfort.

1. Company A’s Gel-Infused Comforter

Company A’s gel-infused comforter stands out in the market due to its advanced cooling technology and plush design, which prioritize maximum comfort and user satisfaction.

This innovative bedding solution utilizes gel-infused materials that effectively regulate body temperature throughout the night, addressing one of the most prevalent sleep disturbances: overheating. Users have lauded its capability to create a cooler sleeping environment, enabling them to experience uninterrupted, restorative sleep. Numerous reviews emphasize that the comforter maintains a soft and luxurious texture while providing the necessary temperature control, regardless of varying climates.

Comprehensive product testing further substantiates these assertions, demonstrating the comforter’s effectiveness in absorbing excess heat and moisture, thus delivering a refreshing sleep experience suitable for all types of sleepers.

2. Company B’s Moisture-Wicking Comforter

Company B’s moisture-wicking comforter provides an exceptional combination of breatheability and cooling properties, specifically designed for individuals who experience discomfort due to elevated sleeping temperatures.

This innovative bedding solution effectively regulates body heat while actively drawing moisture away from the skin, thereby ensuring a dry and comfortable sleeping environment throughout the night. Users seeking an optimal sleep experience will find that this comforter adapts well to various climates, making it suitable for warm summer nights as well as transitional seasons.

The integration of advanced fabric technology significantly enhances sleep quality by minimizing nighttime disruptions caused by overheating, facilitating a more restful slumber. Furthermore, its lightweight design promotes ease of handling, catering to the needs of individuals who prioritize both comfort and practicality in their bedtime routines.

3. Company C’s Natural Materials Comforter

Company C’s natural materials comforter offers an eco-friendly solution that prioritizes breathability and comfort while ensuring hypoallergenic properties for individuals with sensitivities.

Constructed from sustainably sourced materials, this comforter not only fosters a healthier sleeping environment but also aids in reducing the carbon footprint associated with bedding production.

Customers frequently commend its exceptional softness and warmth, making it a preferred option for those who value both comfort and environmental sustainability.

With natural fibers that effectively regulate temperature, individuals susceptible to sleeping hot or cold can experience a more balanced sleep, resulting in enhanced customer satisfaction.

The commitment to utilizing non-toxic dyes and finishes guarantees that this bedding selection promotes a safer home environment, reflecting a comprehensive approach to sustainable living.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are cooling comforters and why should I consider using one?

Cooling comforters are bedding items designed specifically to help regulate your body temperature while you sleep. They are made with materials that have cooling properties, such as breathable fabrics and cooling gel or fibers. Using a cooling comforter can help keep you comfortable and cool throughout the night, leading to a better night’s sleep.

What types of materials are used in cooling comforters?

Some common materials used in cooling comforters include cotton, bamboo, and microfiber. These materials are known for their breathability and ability to wick away moisture, keeping you cool and comfortable. Some cooling comforters also contain cooling gel or fibers, which provide extra cooling benefits.

Are cooling comforters suitable for all seasons?

Yes, there are cooling comforters available for all seasons. Some are designed specifically for warmer weather, while others are suitable for year-round use. It’s important to consider the specific features and materials of a cooling comforter to determine if it will meet your needs for a certain season.

Do cooling comforters have any other benefits besides keeping me cool?

Yes, besides keeping you cool and comfortable, cooling comforters can also have other benefits such as being hypoallergenic and resistant to dust mites. They can also provide additional softness and comfort, especially for those with sensitive skin or allergies.

How do I care for my cooling comforter?

Cooling comforters can typically be machine washed and dried, but it’s important to check the care instructions for your specific comforter. Some may require special care or have specific washing instructions to maintain their cooling properties. It’s also recommended to use a duvet cover to protect your comforter and prolong its lifespan.

Are cooling comforters worth the investment?

It ultimately depends on your personal preferences and needs, but many people find that investing in a cooling comforter is worth it for the improved sleep quality and comfort they provide. They can also save you money in the long run if you typically use fans or air conditioning to stay cool at night. Consider the materials, features, and reviews of different cooling comforters to determine if it’s the right choice for you.

PULLMAN, Wash. — As the fall semester begins, the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art WSU is commemorating its 50th anniversary. From its origins as the Museum of Art to its transformation in 2018, the museum has been a vital cultural resource for the Washington State University community and people across the Inland Northwest. The public is invited to join in celebrations of the museum’s half-century milestone with a series of special exhibitions, programs and a commemorative publication.

“As we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art at WSU, we reflect on a journey marked by visionary leadership, dedicated community support and a steadfast commitment to cultural enrichment,” said Ryan Hardesty, executive director of the museum. “From its inception to its current status, the museum has thrived through the efforts of countless individuals. Our mission remains to inspire, engage and educate through art. This milestone honors our past achievements while embracing an exciting future filled with possibilities.”

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Kicking off the anniversary celebrations is a special reception and book release on Sept. 26. Enjoy live music and meet notable guests including Jordan Schnitzer. Attendees may purchase the museum’s commemorative publication. The following day, Sept. 27, join Jordan Schnitzer for a guided tour of The Art of Food exhibition. This event will also feature a discussion on student food insecurity, inspired by the exhibition and WSU’s Common Reading book. Engage with the Pop-Up Community Market, which will offer students free fresh produce and food, and connect with local organizations tackling student food needs.

The commemorative exhibition, Your Collection: Celebrating 50 Years, showcases the museum’s evolution through its permanent collection. It will highlight significant artworks and visual culture materials, tracing their acquisition and importance. The exhibition is a celebration of a collection that belongs to the public and is a reflection on its future growth.

Additionally, discover the many facets of food in the new exhibition, The Art of Food. Featuring over 100 works from the Collections of Jordan D. Schnitzer and His Family Foundation, the exhibition explores food’s cultural, communal and ethical dimensions. Experience how twentieth and twenty-first-century artists use food as a medium to express connections and stories.

All exhibitions and events will take place at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art WSU, located in the Crimson Cube on the WSU Pullman campus. The museum welcomes visitors from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., Tuesdays through Saturdays. Admission is free and open to the public. 

For more information about the exhibitions and events, please visit The Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art WSU website.

Washington State University political science researchers received a Department of Defense Minerva Research Initiative grant to help counter destabilizing disinformation campaigns and violent extremism in African crisis regions.

Over the next five years, researchers will study social cohesion and collect data in 20 communities across five African countries, each of which is dealing with a democracy in crisis and issues of domestic unrest and foreign interference.

The result will be one of the most complete over-time data sets of its kind and a predictive modeling tool designed to provide actionable insights into group and community dynamics. These insights can then be used to inform and improve anti-radicalization interventions and efforts to foster positive group formation in Africa and around the world.

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“Our work will provide publicly available data that can help local NGOs, think tanks, and international development organizations seeking to strengthen democracy better understand how social cohesion can shield communities from anti-democratic threats,” said Jacob Lewis, lead researcher for the grant and an assistant professor in the WSU School of Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs.

Social science for a safer world

At the heart of Lewis’ research is a powerful methodology known as social network analysis mapping or SNA mapping. Similar to how an individual’s connections on a social media platform are a reflection of their personal network, SNA mapping reveals relationships and connections both within and between communities, and explores the strength, direction, and value of those connections.

“This is cutting-edge social science research,” said Lewis. “The goal is to provide critical information about how to define and measure societal cohesion across multiple levels—national, regional, and local—and be able to examine how societal cohesion affects the susceptibility of specific countries and communities to disinformation.”

The project will pair extensive on-the-ground field research in Nigeria, Niger, Mali, Zimbabwe, and South Africa with deep, desk-based research to measure disinformation, radicalization, and adversary influence; measure and predict societal cohesion; and better understand how cohesion influences group formation.

The research team includes Lewis, political science faculty colleague Anthony Lopez, and PhD candidate William Favell. Collectively they have more than 20 years of experience researching and working with communities in Africa. Lewis and Favell have previously conducted societal cohesion work across multiple countries in Africa; Lopez is an expert on the political psychology of collective action dynamics in warfare, with specializations in radicalization, political manipulation, and hybrid warfare.

“In a rapidly changing world, social science is essential for making sense of human behavior, guiding informed decisions, and understanding societal progress,” said David Montgomery, director of social science in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering which funds the Minerva Research Initiative. “We need to explore and better understand the complex social dynamics that shape our world and provide insights useful to policymakers and others concerned with the social context of security.”

The WSU project is one of 19 university-based grants recently awarded by the Minerva Research Initiative to support basic research in social and behavioral sciences on topics relevant to U.S. national security.

The annual Power Breakfast networking event hosted by the Washington State University Carson College of Business will feature Rachel Ruggeri (’00), Starbucks executive vice president and chief financial officer. Ruggeri will share business insights in a fireside chat format with Carson College Interim Dean Debbie Compeau.

The Power Breakfast is designed to inform, inspire and engage business leaders on contemporary business issues. The event is $55 and will be held 8-10 a.m. Thursday, Sept. 12 at the Sheraton Grand Hotel in Seattle. Participants may register online until 5 p.m. Thursday, Sept. 5.

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Ruggeri was named Starbuck’s executive vice president and chief financial officer in 2021. She leads the global finance function for Starbucks, developing and executing financial strategies to direct long-term growth for the company. Ruggeri joined Starbucks’ accounting team in 2001 and helped launch the Starbucks stored value card that has been a significant success. During her tenure, Ruggeri has held a variety of finance positions, largely within the U.S. business portfolio that’s part of Starbuck’s global business platform. Most recently, she served as the senior vice president of Americas, responsible for the retail portfolio across the segment including company-operated and licensed/franchised stores. Ruggeri holds an MBA from WSU, a BSAB in accounting from Walla Walla University and a BA in English literature from the University of Puget Sound.

Sponsors include Alaska Airlines and Unify Consulting (silver level); CougsFirst! and Windy Point (bronze level).

The 30-year history of Washington State University’s Terrell Library is one of adaptation, according to Phil Gruen, a professor in the School of Design and Construction. Terrell’s completion in 1994 helped save the library system; the existing Holland Library, completed in 1950, was running out of room for books by the early 1990s. (For a deep dive into Terrell’s construction, read this WSU Insider story.)

Today, digitization, the internet, smart phones, and artificial intelligence have made the need for more book space less pressing. Again, Terrell Library pivoted to meet a different kind of need.

“Space has become more available to create study lounges, collaborative areas and stations, student services, centers, such as the Center for Digital Scholarship and Curation, and maker-type rooms, such as the Dimensions Lab,” Gruen said. “As a result, the library remains one of the most active buildings on campus.”

Gruen will present a lecture, “Spaces of Knowledge: Designing the Future and Past of the Library,” at 3 p.m. Tuesday, Aug. 27, in the Terrell atrium, part of WSU Libraries’ celebration of the library’s 30-year anniversary. A reception follows in the Holland Library lobby’s west entrance. Both lecture and reception are free and open to the public.

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WSU Libraries of the future

Gruen suspects more spaces can be created in Terrell and Holland Libraries. Possibilities include the Terrell atrium space under the skylight and the area near Holland Library’s original entrance, which will be accessible to the outside for the first time in 30 years after the lecture.

“If we do not yet know what the future holds for university libraries, we do know that there will always be a need to find places to study or gather, and WSU Libraries have the space, and the spaces, to accommodate that need,” he said.

Gruen added that WSU Libraries seek to preserve, repurpose, or reuse historic resources rather than knocking them down and starting over.

“Terrell and Holland Libraries prove that they have stood the test of time,” he said.

Always the heart of campus

Bonny Boyan, WSU Libraries’ assistant to the dean, began her first day of work in the WSU Libraries on Aug. 25, 1994, the day the “New Library” was dedicated. She recalled the heightened enthusiasm for the new library, and the dedication event, held on the new library lawn roof, was an enormous success.

“I remember being impressed that the staff all seemed to be united together for the same cause,” she said.

When the library was named after former WSU president Glenn Terrell in 2006, his portrait was installed in the hallway near the entrance to the reference area, where it remains today. Terrell came to Pullman for the dedication, and after seeing the portrait, he asked for a private meeting with the library director, Boyan said.

“He was concerned that the portrait didn’t look at all like him,” she said. “Everyone else thought the artist captured his likeness perfectly!”

Terrell Library continues to be the preferred study and gathering spot on campus, Boyan said. “While walking around campus, I often overhear conversations that focus on the libraries. Holland and Terrell Libraries will always be the heart of the campus.”

Yards and gardens can really suffer in times of drought and heat. Washington State University Extension delivers a lot of advice to grow a beautiful and drought-tolerant landscape, including lists of plants, tips for reducing water usage, and more.

You can learn more from the free “Drought Tolerant Landscaping for Washington State (Home Garden Series)” from WSU Extension. Here are a few ideas to start you out from the Extension guide:

Pick the right plants

Drought-tolerant plants can withstand some time with limited moisture, even if they do not prefer periods of hot, dry weather.

Woody plants can store water in both their roots and their trunks, thus surviving dry periods. Drought-tolerant species have thick, waxy, or hairy leaves that minimize water loss (Fair 2009). Examples of these species would include Gilt Edge Serviceberry, Oregon grape, and Delavay Osmanthus.

Plants with small, fine, or deeply divided foliage are considered drought tolerant (Mickelbart and Jenks 2012). Conifers have both small leaves and waxy cuticles, thus limiting the amount of water loss due to normal leaf transpiration.

Deciduous trees whose leaves have deep sinuses (indentation between the lobes) reduce water loss as they have less surface area (Mickelbart 2012). Red maple, for instance, is a very popular shade tree for Washington state as it very drought tolerant (Tirmenstein 1991).

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Turf grass, such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), is classified as a drought avoider as it will go into summer dormancy where the blades of grass turn brown and dry out when not irrigated. However, the plant will come back almost entirely in the fall when the rains return.

Herbaceous perennials vary tremendously in their ability to withstand drought as they do not have the reserve capacity of woody plants. Once again the perennials that lack thick leaves or lignified (woody) stems are the first to grow, flower, and then go into seasonal dormancy as summer heat progresses.

The guide has lists and photos of drought-tolerant plants.

Conserve water

When you landscape for hot weather, you conserve water.

“Unless landscape plants are fully established, which commonly takes 1 or 2 years, they can suffer from summer drought on hot days. Supplemental irrigation is used to counter the effect of drought. It is not uncommon to find that 80% of all the water used around the home is used outside during the summer months (Fresenburg 2010). Increased irrigation puts pressure on municipalities to expand water supplies and homeowners will also see a significant increase in their water utility bills if they use many gallons of water for their thirsty landscapes.” — Drought Tolerant Landscaping for Washington State

One technique is to use hydrozones, landscape areas with plants that have similar water needs. These can help you determine how much irrigation and water is needed in a given hydrozone.

An efficient irrigation system and using less turfgrass can also help reduce water usage.

Good soil, healthy plants

A drought-tolerant landscape consists of healthy soil, such as native soils, with good soil structure that allows the soil to be infiltrated and to hold water. Native soils absorb high rates of water during the winter, thus minimizing surface-water runoff and erosion. These soils trap sediments and excess nutrients, all the while supporting a host of different fungi, bacteria, and earthworms that fight pests and diseases.

You can also use mulch to prevent soil drying and preserve moisture.

One recent summer evening, Joseph Link sat down to dinner outside his camper and noticed four bald eagles, two adults and two juveniles, perched on a nearby fence. A quick photo verified the raptors’ presence at Washington State University’s Vetter Demonstration Farm and Forest, just north of Spokane, Washington.

The documentation only happened because Link, a senior forest ecology and management major, was living at the farm.

“It’s funny, at my orientation I asked about wildlife on the property,” said Link, who grew up in Palouse, Washington. “Andy [Perleberg, Link’s internship supervisor] told me he didn’t know of much. It was fun showing them the bald eagle photos.”

As part of his summer internship with WSU Extension, Link lived at Vetter during the week in a camper his grandfather loaned him, then drove home for weekends at his parents’ house.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383785259_Download_DES-2T13_PDF_Dumps-Pass_with_Real_Dell_EMC_Systems_DES-2T13?_sg=BJdWVHONaKEXQMhC2XIOfLQR-LqyEgcnm30RImsjKPitkrVNCB9lspQ891FOOjpNTLJQucszDS47zCN3x1iuUrb4D7Jaw7w12kPnMQ7l.8g0_zcN6TPXn4S-ZLWXEMWAv30-L8G4-fiqOs-kOo_51Ph2xOmP7ELuq3X3C3LjM12GiXPtgm4yRuZ3tThGFsQ&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ

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He helped with several research projects at the Stevens County farm, which was recently donated to WSU. Link, who is also minoring in geospatial analysis, is only the fourth student intern to work at the farm.

“Living on-site grounds Joe in understanding the land and has helped him develop a sense of ownership of the farm,” said Perleberg, a WSU professor and regional Extension specialist and Extension forestry team leader. “He asked about bringing in the camper and living there and I thought it was great. He probably didn’t expect to become the face of the farm. But he has, as a result of living there.”

Vetter Farm is WSU’s first university-owned forest, which provides Perleberg and other forestry scientists a place to do research and demonstrate best practices to other forest landowners from around the state.

“We’ve never had the opportunity to do long-term research projects, since we’ve always had to borrow forests from other places,” Perleberg said. “We’ve had great relationships with other institutions and forest owners, but there’s a freedom and opportunity in having our own land.”

In 2020, Connie Vetter gifted the 158-acre property to WSU with the vision of providing a space for applied research and demonstration for the betterment of northeast Washington’s family forest, farm, and ranch owners.

WSU manages the forest part of the property, while the Stevens County Conservation District manages the farming side, with a focus on sustainable farming techniques and practices, Perleberg said.

Interns play an important role at the farm, helping with research projects and field days that spread information to area growers. Such hands-on experience sticks out on resumes.

Perleberg stressed that the idea to live on the farm came from Link and isn’t a requirement for the internship. But the forester appreciates the benefits to the farm and said Link has learned more by spending so much time there.

“He’s been responsible for the on-site development work for a couple of field days, where the public has come in to learn how to better care for their land,” Perleberg said. “He’s built several bird boxes for wildlife to nest in, and of course documented the bald eagles on the property. He’s been a fantastic person to work with at the farm.”

Link, who hopes to attend graduate school or apply for the National Park Service after he graduates in May 2025, enjoyed being able to walk the property and experience research and other projects up close.

“I’m really interested in understory vegetation; there’s a lot of cool little plants that you won’t notice if you’re only looking up,” he said. “I’d love to have a research career that allows me to spend time in forests and help preserve them.”

PULLMAN, Wash. — A newly discovered code within DNA — coined “spatial grammar” — holds a key to understanding how gene activity is encoded in the human genome.

This breakthrough finding, identified by researchers at Washington State University and the University of California, San Diego and published in Nature, revealed a long-postulated hidden spatial grammar embedded in DNA. The research could reshape scientists’ understanding of gene regulation and how genetic variations may influence gene expression in development or disease.

Transcription factors, the proteins that control which genes in one’s genome are turned on or off, play a crucial role in this code. Long thought of as either activators or repressors of gene activity, this research shows the function of transcription factors is far more complex.

“Contrary to what you will find in textbooks, transcription factors that act as true activators or repressors are surprisingly rare,” said WSU assistant professor Sascha Duttke, who led much of the research at WSU’s School of Molecular Biosciences in the College of Veterinary Medicine.

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Rather, the scientists found that most activators can also function as repressors.

“If you remove an activator, your hypothesis is you lose activation,” said Bayley McDonald, a WSU graduate student who was part of the research team. “But that was true in only 50% to 60% of the cases, so we knew something was off.”

Looking closer, researchers found the function of many transcription factors was highly position dependent.

They discovered that the spacing between transcription factors and their position relative to where a gene’s transcription began determined the level of gene activity. For example, transcription factors might activate gene expression when positioned upstream or ahead of where a gene’s transcription begins but inhibit its activity when located downstream, or after a gene’s transcription start site.

“It is the spacing, or ‘ambience,’ that determines if a given transcription factor acts as an activator or repressor,” Duttke said. “It just goes to show that similar to learning a new language, to learn how gene expression patterns are encoded in our genome, we need to understand both its words and the grammar.”

By integrating this newly discovered ‘spatial grammar,’ Christopher Benner, associate professor at UC San Diego, anticipates scientists can gain a deeper understanding of how mutations or genetic variations can affect gene expression and contribute to disease.

”The potential applications are vast,” Benner said. “At the very least, it will change the way scientists study gene expression.”

PULLMAN, Wash. — An artificial intelligence algorithm can allow researchers to more efficiently use 3D printing to manufacture intricate structures.

The Washington State University study, published in the journal Advanced Materials Technologies, could allow for more seamless use of 3D printing for complex designs in everything from artificial organs to flexible electronics and wearable biosensors. As part of the study, the algorithm learned to identify, and then print, the best versions of kidney and prostate organ models, printing out 60 continually improving versions.

“You can optimize the results, saving time, cost and labor,” said Kaiyan Qiu, co-corresponding author on the paper and Berry Assistant Professor in the WSU School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.

The use of 3D printing has been growing in recent years, allowing industrial engineers to quickly convert customized designs on a computer to a wide range of products — including wearable devices, batteries and aerospace parts.

But for engineers, trying to develop the correct settings for their printing projects is cumbersome and inefficient. Engineers have to decide on materials, the printer configuration and the dispensing pressure of the nozzle, for instance — all of which affect the final product.

“The sheer number of potential combinations is overwhelming, and each trial costs time and money,” said Jana Doppa, co-corresponding author and Huie-Rogers Endowed Chair Associate Professor of Computer Science at WSU.

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Qiu has done research for several years in developing complex, lifelike 3D-printed models of human organs. They can be used, for instance, in training surgeons or evaluating implant devices, but the models have to include the mechanical and physical properties of the real-life organ, including veins, arteries, channels and other detailed structures.

Qiu, Doppa, and their students used an AI technique called Bayesian Optimization to train and find the optimized 3D-printing settings. Once it was trained, the researchers were able to optimize three different objectives for their organ models — the geometry precision of the model, its weight or how porous it is and the printing time. Porosity of the organ model is important for surgery practice, for instance, because the model’s mechanical properties can change depending on its density.

“It’s hard to balance all the objectives, but we were able to strike a favorable balance and achieve the best possible printing of a quality object, regardless of the printing type or material shape,” said co-first author Eric Chen, a WSU visiting student working in Qiu’s group in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. 

Alaleh Ahmadian, co-first author and WSU graduate student in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, added that the researchers were able to look at all the objectives in a balanced manner for favorable results and that the project benefited from its interdisciplinary perspective.

“It is very rewarding to work on interdisciplinary research by performing physical lab experiments to create real world impact,” she said.

The researchers first trained the computer program to print out a surgical rehearsal model of a prostate. Because the algorithm is broadly generalizable, they could easily change it with small tunings to print out a kidney model.

 “That means that this method can be used to manufacture other more complicated biomedical devices, and even to other fields,” said Qiu.

The work was funded by the National Science Foundation, WSU Startup and Cougar Cage Funds.

Media Contacts

• Kaiyan Qui, WSU School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 509-335-3223, kaiyan.qiu@wsu.edu
• Jana Doppa, WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 509-335-1846, jana.doppa@wsu.edu
• Sara Zaske, WSU News & Media Relations, 509-335-4846, sara.zaske@wsu.edu

Gentle mist floating over orchards may not seem to amount to much water, but those fine droplets can add up to big trouble when extreme heat means a lot of misting — and potentially greater conflict over water use.

A project to better understand, and help balance, future water demands during high temperatures recently received a $650,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The project funds a Washington State University-led team to use Columbia River basin watersheds as case studies to model potential water demand for multiple uses. These are generally categorized as “out-of-stream withdrawals” for agricultural uses and “in-stream flow” needs for ecosystems, endangered fish species, and even hydroelectric power.

The hope is that science-backed information can help create constructive conversations now to prepare for a hotter climate in the future. 

“We live in this area where there are limited water resources that we’re trying to use efficiently across a whole range of uses, so we want to make sure that moving forward in a climate change scenario, we have sustainable water resources to meet all of the needs,” said Kirti Rajagopalan, a WSU biological engineer and principal investigator on the project.

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One part of the project is to better quantify the need for “evaporative cooling,” such as the misting often necessary to save tree fruit like apples as well as grapes and other berries from getting burnt by the sun.

We are potentially quite significantly underestimating the amount of additional water that’s needed in the future for agriculture, and obviously we don’t want to be in that situation.Kirti Rajagopalan, biological engineer and principal investigator
Washington State University

Many growers employ cloth netting to shade the fruit when it gets hot, but as an earlier WSU study has shown — that netting won’t be enough when future climate conditions send temperatures higher for longer periods of time.

“Shade netting wasn’t as effective in reducing fruit surface temperatures, requiring more reliance on evaporative cooling,” said Rajagopalan. “We are potentially quite significantly underestimating the amount of additional water that’s needed in the future for agriculture, and obviously we don’t want to be in that situation.”

The research team will be talking directly with growers and irrigation district officials to make sure the modeling reflects real world situations.

Better quantifying the problem is one aspect of the project. Another big part is to come up with potential solutions that can meet water needs across a broad range of in-stream and out-of-stream uses. For that, the team will be holding a lot of conversations not just with growers but also with agencies such as the state’s Department of Ecology, and the Department of Fish and Wildlife as well as nonprofits like Trout Unlimited.

The WSU-led team will be looking for adaptations that will benefit all sides. On the agricultural side, that means potentially finding other cooling strategies that require no water or less water, and on the in-stream side, perhaps looking at specific practices and timing when keeping water levels high is most important to the ecosystem and for fish.

“Understanding where those opportunities might lie really depends on talking to folks who are involved with that aspect of the work,” said Sonia Hall with the Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Hall and Rajagopalan are part of a collaborative team of WSU researchers including Lee Kalcsits, Mingliang Liu, Troy Peters Georgine Yorgey, and Matt Yourek. The interdisciplinary team will help integrate the scientific quantification of the problem with the on-the-ground experience of the various interest groups. While the project is currently localized to the Columbia River watershed, the findings could help inform approaches in irrigation areas across the West that face similar water use issues. “If we all share an understanding of what the problem is, its extent, and possible opportunities for solutions that help the whole system — then science can help set the stage for more productive conversations,” said Hall.