Category: Uncategorized

Lichen partnerships challenged by changes in the Northwoods

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Lichen, which people may think of as a single organism, is in fact a community of several species that depend on each other for survival. Lichen symbiosis includes at least one fungus and one alga, along with other fungi and bacteria in roles that are still being investigated by biologists. 

The continued health of lichens is vital to the future of our Northern forests because they provide a critical winter food source for many animals. They are also valuable “sentinels” of air quality and environmental health. For these reasons, scientists are eager to understand how they may be affected by climate change. 

New research published in Science Advances from the University of Minnesota investigated symbiosis in boreal oak lichen, a variety widespread on several tree species across Minnesota and the Northwoods. 

Using multiple research methods, the team found: 

“At summer temperatures, wetting with anything more than water vapor leads to unsustainable carbon losses for boreal oak lichen, which may explain why it prefers humid environments like bogs,” said Daniel Stanton, assistant professor in the College of Biological Sciences.  “We already knew this species is vulnerable to heating and drying, now we can start to understand exactly how and why — all key insights into the threats from future climate change.”

In simple cases of symbiosis, such as a clownfish and a sea anemone, the needs of the partner organisms may be well-balanced and complimentary. The research shows that symbiosis in lichens is more complex, and each organism may react differently when faced with changing weather conditions or environmental stress. 

“Unexpectedly, the alga just does its own thing: once active, it doesn’t seem to respond at all to the major changes that the fungus undergoes when we add liquid water,” said Stanton. “It shouldn’t be a surprise that the different organisms that make up lichen symbioses respond to different cues, but it has often been far too easy to lose sight of that when working with such seemingly closely integrated symbioses.”

Future research will focus on unpacking when the components of lichen symbiosis are and aren’t coordinated. The team hopes to better understand what each organism does under different circumstances. 

University of Minnesota publishes Climate Resilience Plan

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The University of Minnesota recently published its first Twin Cities campus Climate Resilience Plan — the only one of its kind in the Big Ten. The new plan is an addendum to the 2023 Climate Action Plan.

Other universities have climate action plans, but few include resilience plans, which go beyond carbon emissions reduction strategies to respond to climate change and analyze how they affect the campus community, infrastructure and environment.

With 80% of the University’s community agreeing climate change is extremely or very important to them and the science is clear that swift action must be taken to ensure a livable future for all, the resilience plan goals are to adapt to changes in rainfall, seasonality and temperatures through:

The Twin Cities campus resilience plan reflects goals outlined in the University’s systemwide strategic plan, MPact 2025.

“Minnesotans experienced the 10 warmest and wettest years in the state since 1998, and extreme events such as flooding, drought and heat waves are expected to worsen if left unchecked,” said Kate Nelson, director of sustainability on the Twin Cities campus. “Adding resilience to our Climate Action Plan is one step of many the University will take to fulfill our commitment to build a fully sustainable future and position Minnesota as a leader in climate action.”

The University’s resilience plan’s priorities and measurable outcomes were created, in response to local climate hazard research, by a creative and collaborative effort of students, faculty, staff and the Office of Sustainability. This work will involve collaboration with various University departments and municipal and county governments.

About the University of Minnesota Twin Cities 
One of five campuses in the University of Minnesota System, the University of Minnesota Twin Cities is the flagship and founding campus of one of the most prestigious public research universities in the nation. With more than 47,000 undergraduate and graduate students, it is also one of only five university campuses in the U.S. with an engineering school, medical school, law school, veterinary medicine school, and agricultural school all on one campus. Visit umn.edu.

Breakthrough on tar spot pathogen enables field research

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University of Minnesota researchers developed and reported processes for the first time to infect corn plants in the field with the corn tar spot pathogen, a relatively new disease threatening corn production across the United States. 

The new and novel process makes it possible for scientists to conduct research in the field — a critical step in better understanding the disease that first emerged in Minnesota in 2019.  

Recently published in Plant Disease, the research was funded by the University’s Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center, supported by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR). 

“Tar spot is a challenging pathosystem, and corn tar spot season has begun this year with the first reports coming from Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri,” said lead author José E. Solórzano, a graduate student at the University of Minnesota. “We have figured out how to induce the disease in controlled and field environments, which enhances our research and understanding of the disease, and we expect it will help other researchers as well.”

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The study describes how to collect, store, prepare and apply inoculum to corn foliage to induce infection in the field. The study also provides novel insights into tar spot’s incubation, latent and infectious periods.

The researchers found: 

  • A single inoculation event can initiate tar spot and subsequent spread of the disease.
  • Inoculum stored at -20 degrees Celsius for 10 months can remain viable and lead to infection.
  • Tar spot can develop and spread in drier and less humid environmental conditions that were not previously considered conducive for this disease.

“Corn tar spot is a new and emerging disease that is poorly understood. This work advances the capacity to conduct research leading to improved understanding and management of this disease,” said co-author Dean Malvick, a professor in the College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences. 

The researchers will continue to study the biology of the tar spot-causing pathogen and the pathogen’s host range to develop improved management strategies.
 

About the College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences 
The University of Minnesota’s College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences (CFANS) strives to inspire minds, nourish people, and sustainably enhance the natural environment. CFANS has a legacy of innovation, bringing discoveries to life through science and educating the next generation of leaders. Every day, students, faculty, and researchers use science to address the grand challenges of the world today and in the future. CFANS offers an unparalleled expanse of experiential learning opportunities for students and the community, with 12 academic departments, 10 research and outreach centers across the state, the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, the Bell Museum of Natural History, and dozens of interdisciplinary centers. Learn more at cfans.umn.edu.

About the Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center
The Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center (MITPPC) was founded by the Minnesota Legislature to research the prevention, detection and control of terrestrial invasive species. MITPPC researchers use transformative science to prevent and minimize the threats posed by land-based invasive plants, pathogens, and pests. Founded in 2015, MITPPC is the only research center of its kind in the country, and the center’s work to protect the state’s native prairies, forests, wetlands, and agricultural resources benefits all of Minnesota and beyond. Learn more at mitppc.umn.edu.

Taking a stand for trees: rebuffing the emerald ash borer

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With those words, Robert Blanchette lays bare the magnitude of the task before our state if we are to control the emerald ash borer.

A professor in the Department of Plant Pathology and researcher in the Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center, Blanchette, along with his research team, is perfecting biological means to defeat this half-inch-long pest.

Life cycle of the emerald ash borer

On the water front: invasive lake species

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Some of the most destructive invasive species come in small packages. Few come smaller than the spiny water flea, a tiny crustacean with a long, spiked “tail.”

“Spinies” and the more famous zebra mussels change lake ecosystems far out of proportion to their size. At the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Gretchen Hansen is untangling the web of biological and chemical impacts that these and other aquatic invasive species weave.

“A lot of our research focuses on documenting impacts while also identifying places that are more sensitive or more resilient,” says Hansen, an assistant professor in the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology. “We also study climate change and how lakes and fish respond.”

Spinies are part of the zooplankton—tiny animals that drift around with tiny plants called phytoplankton. So are native water fleas, which are eaten by many young fish and, unfortunately, spinies. Spinies afflict lakes large and small, including Lake Mendota in Madison, Wisconsin, and Minnesota’s Lake Mille

At the University of Minnesota Duluth, Donn Branstrator, a professor in the Swenson College of Science and Engineering, has done foundational work on spiny water fleas, their impacts, and what spreads them. And Valerie Brady, a senior research associate and aquatic ecologist in UMD’s Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI), led a study that showed how they get caught on fishing lines and tackle. (see accompanying video).

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NRRI also sponsors projects that include:

  • A thorough testing of boat landing self service cleaning stations to find the best techniques for removing aquatic invasive species from the insides of boats; and
  • Testing international ship ballast tank treatment technologies to better understand how well they actually kill the hitchhiking critters. Testing is done in a lab near the Duluth-Superior harbor and on ships moving between ports.
  • Musseling in on native species
  • Zebra mussels are famous for clogging pipes, encrusting equipment, and carpeting shoreline lake bottoms with their razor-sharp shells. But figuring out how they affect species like walleye is complicated, due to their wide-reaching effects on lake ecosystems. Hansen is at the forefront of discovering those effects and their repercussions.
  • Much of zebra mussels’ mischief stems from their prodigious ability to filter and clear water. “They can quickly clear an entire small lake,” Hansen observes.
  • They do it largely by sucking in and eating phytoplankton, a major food source for native water fleas and other zooplankton.
  • “These changes lower on the food chain can cascade up to fish,” Hansen notes. “A few years ago, we published a study showing that young walleye and yellow perch grow more slowly and reach smaller sizes at the end of the year when spiny water fleas or zebra mussels are present.”

On the water front: invasive lake species

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Some of the most destructive invasive species come in small packages. Few come smaller than the spiny water flea, a tiny crustacean with a long, spiked “tail.”

head shot of Gretchen Hansen
Gretchen Hansen, Assistant Professor, Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology

“Spinies” and the more famous zebra mussels change lake ecosystems far out of proportion to their size. At the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Gretchen Hansen is untangling the web of biological and chemical impacts that these and other aquatic invasive species weave.

“A lot of our research focuses on documenting impacts while also identifying places that are more sensitive or more resilient,” says Hansen, an assistant professor in the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology. “We also study climate change and how lakes and fish respond.”

Spinies are part of the zooplankton—tiny animals that drift around with tiny plants called phytoplankton. So are native water fleas, which are eaten by many young fish and, unfortunately, spinies. Spinies afflict lakes large and small, including Lake Mendota in Madison, Wisconsin, and Minnesota’s Lake Mille Lacs.

Beating the buckthorn blues

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In the mid-19th century, North America imported two species of Eurasian buckthorn—common and glossy—because they made lovely ornamental hedges.

Big mistake.

Today, its dense foliage and rapid growth help buckthorn, especially the common variety, crowd out native plants. The tall shrub has spread through forests, savannas, and towns in much of Minnesota and other states.

But it’s up against formidable foes like Mike Schuster, a researcher in the Department of Forest Resources. With his colleagues, he has opened up new avenues to controlling the green invader—and found some good news about its vulnerabilities.

For example, it had been thought since the 1990s that buckthorn seeds survived in soil for five or six years.

“We provided strong evidence that that was not based on data,” Schuster says. “We planted common buckthorn and observed it for up to four years. Across the 13,232 buckthorn seeds planted, germination occurred almost entirely in the first two years after planting. Therefore, the idea of a long-lived buckthorn seed bank was not realistic.”

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Schuster’s work also showed that if buckthorn is replaced with fast-growing native species such as wild rye grasses, those plants will cover up and “shade out” much of the new buckthorn growth. Volunteers and professionals are putting this finding to use in many areas of the state through the U of M’s Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center’s Cover It Up project.

And to keep buckthorn stumps from resprouting, “We found that a herbicide not widely used, called fosamine, is really effective,” Schuster adds.

Horned heroes?

There’s one group that loves buckthorn: goats.

A recent study led by Tiffany Wolf, an assistant professor in the Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, and Daniel Larkin, an associate professor in the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, probed the benefits of using goats to control buckthorn.

Goats readily graze on it, and work by Wolf’s former postdoctoral researcher Katie Marchetto showed that the animals didn’t spread the seeds. Marchetto discovered this by outfitting goats with diapers, feeding them buckthorn, and testing “what made it through.”

“Very few seeds—less than one percent—turned up in goat pellets,” Wolf says.

Goats browsing in wooded areas are at risk of being infected, often fatally, by a brainworm carried by snails and slugs. But the three researchers were also part of a study showing that if waterfowl graze along with goats, they eat the snails and slugs and may lessen the risk to goats.

Unfortunately, goats also eat native plants. However, “Native and invasive species come back after grazing,” Wolf says.

“The bottom line is that while goats can play a role as part of a sustained, multi-pronged strategy for buckthorn control, they’re not a panacea,” Larkin says.

Grounding the flying fish: stopping invasive carp

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Peter Sorensen and his team showed that a strategically placed wall of vibrating bubbles can shield Minnesota from these ruinous fish.

Outside Peter Sorensen’s office stands a life-size cutout of a large man holding a large fish by the gills.

The fish, a bighead carp, is close to five feet long and upwards of 80 pounds. A voracious eater, this carp can wipe out the base of an aquatic food chain.

Not the kinds of fish you’d want in your waters. Unfortunately, both are beginning to invade Minnesota, says Sorensen, a professor emeritus in the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology. They now infest the Mississippi River watershed in states from Mississippi to Iowa.

“With our great waters, we in Minnesota and adjacent Wisconsin are like a shining ornament sitting above a huge area of infestation,” Sorensen muses. “But Minnesota could soon become their next home base.

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“Experience shows it’s critical to stop them now. If we can, we’ll be the first state to do so.”

Minnesota’s best chance: a single, strategically placed wall of vibrating bubbles known as a bioacoustic fish fence, or BAFF, which can be placed in navigation locks. Sorensen and his team have identified this “bubbling sound deterrent” as the best carp defense—and it will soon become reality.

High stakes for Minnesota waters

Silver carp, bighead carp, and two other carp species were introduced in Arkansas in the 1970s to clean pond water. But they escaped and have now damaged numerous fisheries and ecosystems severely, if not irrevocably.

“Silver and bighead carp are efficient ‘filter feeders’—they vacuum out the ecosystem,” Sorensen says. “Native fish larvae, including walleye and other gamefish, are starved and/or eaten by these carp.”

U of M System ranks fifth in US in sustainability impact

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For the third year in a row, the University of Minnesota participated in the Times Higher Ed (THE) Impact Rankings. The 2024 rankings evaluated 2,152 universities from 125 countries/regions, comparing their efforts to conduct teaching, research, outreach and stewardship that support a more sustainable, equitable and healthy future.

The U of M tied for fifth in the U.S. overall and in the top 10% worldwide. Notably, the U of M ranked among the top five in the U.S. for its work related to:

  • Clean water (No. 2 in the U.S., No. 26 in the world)
  • Climate action (No. 3 in the U.S., No. 53 in the world)
  • Zero hunger (No. 5 in the U.S., No. 24 in the world)
  • Health and well-being (tying for No. 5 in the U.S., No. 85 in the world)

“The University of Minnesota is one of America’s leading research universities and we are resolute in our commitment to fostering a sustainable future in Minnesota and beyond,” said Interim President Jeff Ettinger. “The results of this year’s Times Higher Ed Impact Rankings reflect our unwavering dedication to this critical work, our systemwide ethos of responsible stewardship and our focus on shaping a better tomorrow for generations to come.”

THE Impact Rankings apply 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at achieving a better world by 2030, goals adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. These goals provide a shared blueprint for measuring progress and impact in advancing peace and prosperity for people and the planet.

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The U of M is one of the few institutions worldwide to submit to the THE Impact Rankings as a university system, a point that distinguishes its results from its peers. The final submission included examples gathered from every U of M campus, statewide Extension and research station offices, and other systemwide initiatives.

“This year’s results demonstrate the University is improving its performance in — and expanding to address — areas of critical importance for Minnesota and the world, such as clean water,” said Shane Stennes, the University’s chief sustainability officer. “Over the past year, we implemented plans for how the U of M will address climate change on our campuses while growing the impact of University scholarship and engagement on climate issues.”

A full overview of the rankings and the methodology can be found on the THE Impact Ranking website. Further details of the University’s work related to the SDGs are available on the U of M SDG Initiative website. 

About the UMN Sustainable Development Goals Initiative
The University of Minnesota Sustainable Development Goals Initiative seeks to support and promote transdisciplinary research, teaching, and partnerships to mobilize the resources at the University to advance a more socially and environmentally sustainable future in Minnesota, the U.S., and the globe through grants, information, and opportunities linked to SDG targets and indicators. The Initiative is supported by the Global Programs and Strategy Alliance in partnership with several administrative units including the Office for Public Engagement and the Office of Sustainability.

Creating meaningful engagement

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Composing music and being a social advocate are more similar than you might think. You’re generating a movement, in both senses of the word, that you hope will attract and inspire people, and maybe change the world.

Master of Professional Studies in Civic Engagement (CIVE) student Kat Rohn, who studied music composition as an undergraduate, personifies this idea. “Putting together all of these different pieces to make something that’s resonant as a whole is not all too different from what it looks like to engage people in civic life.”

Rohn was doing fundraising work for the U of M’s College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences when they applied to the civic engagement program, hoping to eventually step into a leadership role at a nonprofit.

“There are so many different approaches to making social change and civic engagement happen, so having that space to explore and reflect on them is really valuable,” says Rohn.

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Rohn also says it’s a natural fit, as they are already engaged in civic and social life.

“[Being] a member of the LGBTQ community and the heightened political landscape around this really pushed me into thinking about what my engagement looks like.”

A month after being accepted into the program, Rohn got a new job as executive director of OutFront Minnesota, the state’s largest LGBTQ+ advocacy organization. “I jumped into the job that I was hoping to set myself up for,” Rohn says. “But now I get the experience of going through both together.”

Rohn believes that activism and advocacy are about creating significant improvements on small and large scales, in geographical communities as well as communities connected by issues or identities.

“For me, so much of this is about engagement in the community sense but also the policy sense,” Rohn says. “It’s about thinking deeply about how change happens in communities and what leads to the most meaningful changes … [and it’s] about trying to move towards building a more equitable, inclusive, welcoming state and doing it through civic engagement.”