Making Connections: Introducing Biological Sciences’ New Diversity Initiatives Director

Torrell Foree strives for inclusivity and connectivity in tandem with academic and research achievement

May 29, 2024

By Mario Aguilera

Torrell Foree appraises the vibrant University of California San Diego campus and marvels at the campus’ growth, thriving academic enterprise and escalating stature as a premier research institution.

Torrell Foree, new director of diversity initiatives for the School of Biological Sciences

Rikako Ono

Yet, none of these accolades or achievements will matter, he believes, unless its community members feel connected.

Foree recently arrived at UC San Diego as the first director of diversity initiatives in the School of Biological Sciences, which consistently ranks among the best in several biology-related fields.

“As Biological Sciences at UC San Diego continues to climb as one of the top programs, I would also like our EDI (equity, diversity and inclusion) initiatives and efforts to be recognized along with those high rankings,” said Foree. “It’s not just that we have the top scientists or the best labs, programs and curricula, but we also have to do the best in making sure that folks feel connected and included.”

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For Biological Sciences, Foree’s arrival will help the school re-examine its culture and ensure that EDI is woven into the community’s fabric.

“We were extremely fortunate to recruit Torrell to the School of Biological Sciences,” said Dean Kit Pogliano. “He is the right person coming at the right time to lead our EDI initiatives and level the playing field throughout our school — I look forward to working with him.”

Building Bridges Across Communities

A first-generation student with undergraduate and master’s degrees from California State University Fullerton, Foree is settling into his new role while also taking on another new role: the proud father of a newborn son.

Looking back, the native of Riverside, Calif., defined his career trajectory much later than he expected. Foree’s career plan “B” was to become a high school teacher and basketball coach… but, for many years, plan “A” was missing. His fifth year in college, however, changed everything when a sociology of education course offered Foree a window into a different mindset. Reading the book “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” opened his eyes to new ideas about how education is perceived and delivered. Rather than a one-way information stream, Foree learned that there are more interactive methods of teaching, including reciprocal exchanges with students. He also became aware of perspectives such as efforts to remove bias from traditional educational instruction.

“When you’re studying, especially being mindful of marginalized people, you can’t really take the bias out of our experiences and feelings — and those things matter,” said Foree. “I had never heard about education that way. I began to examine my own educational experiences. In that class I made a decision that I want to work in education.”

Describing himself as a lifelong learner, Foree continued to explore ethnic and gender perspectives while his views on the academic experience blossomed.

“From all of those voices you develop a particular lens on how you see issues and how you interact with people,” said Foree. “While I was acquiring all of this knowledge I was also developing a well of empathy for people.

” Already active in Cal State Fullerton’s African American Resource Center, Foree found his curiosity leading him to learn more about other cultural groups and their viewpoints. In doing so he began to build bridges across communities and gained valuable insight on how connections are established and nurtured. “In wanting to have more of a sense of belonging, I also wanted to make sure that it’s not just the African American Studies students who come to the African American Resource Center and make connections,” said Foree. “If you’re a finance major you should feel the same way.”

These experiences fueled an urgency to help students feel more connected. He created a peer mentoring program focused on the academic experience. Named the “People of Nia” after the fifth principle of Kwanzaa, the new program was established with an inclusivity and connectivity mindset (Nia translates to “purpose” and speaks to the idea that one’s vocation should be connected to personal and community progress). While in the African American Resource Center, students felt supported from a cultural perspective. Foree designed People of Nia to serve a similar purpose in the academic space.

“As UC San Diego continues to gain in academic and research distinction, we also need to accelerate our on-going momentum in integrating equity, diversity and inclusion across all areas of our campus. This is the hallmark of inclusive excellence,” said UC San Diego Vice Chancellor for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Becky Petitt. “Torrell Foree’s role in the School of Biological Sciences helps create capacity across the entire UC San Diego enterprise, thereby making us a stronger institution.”

“As part of the School’s IdeaWave Campaign to build a plan for inclusive excellence, we had very strong support for hiring a director of diversity initiatives who could engage with our community and provide the much needed EDI expertise to support our existing EDI programs, develop new ones and evaluate the success of our efforts,” said School of Biological Sciences Associate Dean and Professor James Nieh, the school’s faculty equity advisor.

‘An Opportunity To Do Something Great’

Torrell Foree at UC San Diego’s National Pan-Hellenic Council Plaza, a gathering space that honors the legacy of historically Black fraternities and sororities.

Rikako Ono

Foree plans to funnel the lessons of his prior education and work experiences into his new position as director of diversity initiatives. One of his first goals is to help redefine how community members access and acquire information. Without a defined pipeline to events and programs that are happening around the community, people can be left out.

“If I’m a new student and I want to know how to get into research labs, how do I get that information?” asked Foree. “How do we enable a culture in which folks don’t have to seek out this type of information on their own? Rather, we bring it to them.”

He’d also like to re-examine the onboarding process for new community members — whether they are an associate dean or an undergraduate student or a staff member — and standardize how information flows.

He also hopes to bring scientific interests together with personal identities. Being a scientist should come together with who you are — culturally, ethnically — he believes, rather than keeping those worlds apart.

“Historically, the identity work has been outsourced to student affairs or other areas,” says Foree, “but what does that look like within an academic unit, to have those two things merged together?”

UC San Diego Health First in Region to Provide Novel Therapy for Melanoma

UC San Diego Health is the first hospital system in the region to offer a new immunotherapy treatment for metastatic melanoma. The personalized cellular therapy derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), is the first solid tumor therapy on the market approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 

“This one-time cellular immunotherapy is a powerful and robust tool to treat patients with advanced melanoma resistant to other approved therapies and who have limited treatment options,” said Gregory Daniels, MD, PhD, professor of medicine in the Department of Medicine at University of California San Diego School of Medicine and medical oncologist at UC San Diego Health.

“Our ability to provide novel therapies, like TIL, reflects our distinction as a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center,” said Diane Simeone, MD, director of Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health. “None of this would be possible without the extraordinary team who led the clinical trials and brought this new, advanced treatment option for melanoma.”

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The process of TIL therapy using lifileucel (AMTAGVI), begins by collecting and isolating a patient’s unique cancer-fighting white blood cells, called lymphocytes, or T-cells, from the surgically removed tumor. The T-cells are isolated, expanded and stimulated to enhance their ability to recognize, infiltrate and attack cancer cells. This army of TIL cells is then infused back into the patient. 

“The TIL clinical trials showed favorable treatment results and improved outcomes compared to other options available following the progression of melanoma on standard frontline therapy,” said Daniels, principal investigator of the clinical trials conducted at UC San Diego Health.

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States, with melanoma accounting for nearly 1% of skin cancers but causing the most skin cancer deaths, according to the American Cancer Society. Melanoma deaths have fallen by 5% per year largely because of supported research and clinical advancements in treatment.

“The ability to provide cellular therapy holds the potential for remission for some patients with melanoma and provides a new tool to the growing number of options for patients whose cancer cells have spread from where they started to other parts of the body,” said Daniels.

UC San Diego Health currently offers CAR T-cell therapy, another promising type of immunotherapy, to treat certain types of blood cancer, such as non-Hodgkin lymphomas and multiple myeloma.

“This emerging treatment is a driving force to many other cellular and gene therapies being pioneered at UC San Diego Health,” said Ayad Hamdan, MD, physician-in-chief at Moores Cancer Center. “This transformational approach to treating skin cancer and solid tumors directly aligns with our health system’s commitment and investment in the future of cancer immunotherapy. It’s a tremendous opportunity to expand our reach and deliver leading-edge treatment to patients with advanced cancers that are underserved by current treatment modalities.”

As an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health is among the top 4% of approximately 1,500 cancer centers in the United States, and one of only 56 Comprehensive Cancer Centers in the nation. Patients have access to personalized care by physicians setting treatment standards nationwide and access to clinical trials that are identifying promising, new therapy options. According to the 2023-2024 U.S. News & World Report ”Best Hospitals” survey, cancer services at UC San Diego Health ranked 20th in

Chasing Down a Cellular ‘Short Circuit’

Agroup of researchers at University of California San Diego has identified the cause of a “short-circuit” in cellular pathways, a discovery that sheds new light on the genesis of a number of human diseases.

The recent study, published in the journal Science Signaling, explores the biochemical mechanism that can interrupt the cellular communication chain — a disruptive interaction that Pradipta Ghosh, M.D., likens to a game-ending “buzzer.” Ghosh, a professor in the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, and Irina Kufareva, Ph.D., an associate professor in the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at University of California San Diego, are the corresponding authors on the paper.

The paper explains the mechanism of “cross talk” between two cellular pathways, one initiated by proteins known as growth factors and by their cellular receptors. The second pathway is mediated by a completely different G protein-coupled set of cellular receptors (GPCRs). Both classes of receptors deliver molecular messages from outside to inside the cell and signal cells to change in some way. Kufareva says that members of the GPCR family are targets of around 34 percent of all the drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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“GPCRs are important drug targets mainly due to their involvement in signaling pathways related to many diseases,” she explained, citing mental and endocrinological disorders, viral infections, cardiovascular and inflammatory conditions, and even cancer.

Growth factors enable a second, equally important communication pathway inside the cell that makes the cells grow and divide. Whereas GPCRs act through intracellular molecular switches (G proteins), growth factor receptors are conventionally thought to bypass the switches. However, Ghosh and Kufareva note that researchers had been suspicious about some kind of a potential conflict between the two pathways, and careful research allowed the UC San Diego team to identify it.

Ghosh said the conflict stems from problematic phosphorylation, the attachment of a phosphate group to the G protein molecule. She explained that the team used advanced mass spectrometry techniques to map all occurrences of phosphoevents, the sites on G proteins that were phosphorylated when cells were stimulated by growth factors. Then they checked how this changed the ability of G proteins to perform their normal job downstream of GPCRs.

“GPCRs are important drug targets mainly due to their involvement in signaling pathways related to many diseases.”

Irinia Kufareva, Ph.D.

“Whatever aspect of GPCR signaling we looked at, it was negatively impacted by almost all phosphoevents on the ‘switch’ protein — the G protein — that would be introduced by growth factors,” Kufareva said. “That was understandable when we looked at how these phosphoevents distorted the G protein structure. Growth factors effectively ‘steal’ G proteins from GPCRs and in this way paralyze their signaling.”

Further testing of the phosphoevents showed that one single amino acid was responsible for the G protein theft. Ghosh said the amino acid known as tyrosine is located at position 320 within the G protein, which happens to be on the side of the G protein that makes contact with G protein-coupled receptors.

“This specific tyrosine was identified almost a decade ago as a special ‘trigger point’ for G protein-coupled receptors to relay their signals. We began to think about the importance of such a coincidence,” Ghosh explained. “That’s when a light bulb went off in our heads: If cell communication were a game, the tyrosine at position 320 on the G protein would be the buzzer. If the growth factors got to it first and phosphorylated that site, the G protein-coupled receptors simply had no shot!”

Kufareva and Ghosh say that the group’s discovery has implications for the development of new therapies for a number of conditions, including cancer. Ghosh said that many pharmaceuticals on the market are effective in treating a wide range of diseases because the drugs target G protein-coupled receptors. But there remain a number of conditions without good drug therapies — fibrosis, chronic inflammation and cancers — because until now the interaction of these two pathways has not been understood.

“We believe our findings are likely to be both important and timely, and will contribute to other emerging studies mapping the landscape of these two major signaling pathways that control practically every process in our cells,” Ghosh said.

“Our work is especially relevant in that growth factors, their receptors, and G-protein-coupled receptors appear to be highly co-expressed in many cancers,” added Kufareva.

All authors on the paper are associated with UC San Diego. Suchismita Roy, Saptarshi Sinha and Ananta James Silas are members of the School of Medicine’s Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, while Majid Ghassemian is a member of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular and Proteomics Mass Spectrometry Facility.

This paper was supported by the National Institutes of Health (CA238042, AI141630, CA100768 and CA160911 to Pradipta Ghosh; R21 AI149369, R01 GM136202, R21 AI156662, and R01 AI161880 to Irina Kufareva). Saptarshi Sinha was supported through the American Association of Immunologists Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientist and Immunobiologists.

Disclosures: The authors declare no competing interests.

Using Oceanography To Understand Fronts and Cyclones on Jupiter

New research led by Lia Siegelman, a physical oceanographer at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography, shows that the roiling storms at the planet Jupiter’s polar regions are powered by processes known to physicists studying Earth’s oceans and atmosphere. The geophysical commonalities spanning the 452 million miles between the two planets could even help facilitate an improved understanding of those processes on Earth. 

Siegelman first made the connection between our planet and the gas giant in 2018 when she noticed a striking similarity between images of Jupiter’s huge cyclones and the ocean turbulence she was studying. To a physicist, air and water are both considered fluids so applying ocean physics to Jupiter isn’t as far-fetched as it sounds, said Siegelman. “Jupiter is basically an ocean of gas.” 

This initial observation led Siegelman to co-author a 2022 study published in Nature Physics that analyzed high-resolution infrared images of Jupiter’s cyclones taken by NASA’s Juno spacecraft. The analysis revealed that a type of convection similar to what is seen on Earth helps maintain Jupiter’s storms, which can be thousands of miles wide and last for years.

The 2022 study focused directly on Jupiter’s cyclones, but Siegelman also saw wispy tendrils, known to researchers as filaments, in the spaces between the gassy vortices. These filaments also had earthly analogs, and Siegelman used Juno’s detailed imagery to study whether this similarity to our planet’s oceanic and atmospheric processes was merely skin deep.

Published on June 6 in Nature Physics and funded by Scripps and the National Science Foundation, Siegelman’s follow-up study finds additional similarities between the processes fueling Jupiter’s cyclones and those acting on Earth. The study shows that the filaments between Jupiter’s cyclones act in concert with convection to promote and sustain the planet’s giant storms. Specifically, Jupiter’s filaments act in ways that resemble what oceanographers and meteorologists call fronts on Earth.

Fronts are often discussed in weather forecasts – cold fronts or storm fronts, for example – but they apply to both gases and liquids. A front is the boundary between gas or liquid masses with different densities due to differences in properties like temperature. In the ocean, fronts can also be due to differences in salinity, which influences the density of seawater along with temperature. A key feature of fronts is that their leading edges feature strong vertical velocities that can create winds or currents. 

To try to understand the role of the filaments she could clearly see in between the cyclones on Jupiter in Juno’s images, Siegelman looked at a series of infrared images from Juno. The batch of images were of Jupiter’s north polar region and were taken in 30-second increments.

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The fact that the images were in infrared allowed Siegelman and her co-author Patrice Klein of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and the Ecole Normale Superieure to calculate temperature – bright areas were warmer and dark areas were cooler. On Jupiter, the hotter parts of the atmosphere correspond to thin clouds and the colder parts represent thick cloud cover, blocking more of the heat emanating from Jupiter’s super-heated core. The researchers then tracked the movement of clouds and filaments across the 30 second intervals separating the photographs to calculate horizontal wind speeds. 

These two pieces of information allowed Siegelman and Klein to apply methods from ocean and atmospheric science to Jupiter, allowing them to calculate the vertical wind speeds that would correspond to the temperatures and horizontal wind speeds the researchers derived from the images. Once the team calculated the vertical wind speeds, they were able to see that Jupiter’s filaments were indeed behaving like fronts on Earth.

Those vertical wind speeds at the edges of fronts on Jupiter also meant that the fronts were involved in transporting energy in the form of heat from the planet’s hot interior to its upper atmosphere – fueling the giant cyclones. Though convection is the main driver, the fronts account for a quarter of the total kinetic energy powering Jupiter’s cyclones and forty percent of the vertical heat transport.

“These cyclones on Jupiter’s poles have persisted since they were first observed in 2016,” said Siegelman. “These filaments in between the large vortices are relatively small but they are an important mechanism for sustaining the cyclones. It’s fascinating that fronts and convection are present and influential on Earth and Jupiter – it suggests that these processes may also be present on other turbulent fluid bodies in the universe.” 

Siegelman also said that Jupiter’s massive scale and Juno’s high-resolution imagery can allow for a clearer visualization of the ways in which smaller-scale phenomena like fronts connect to larger ones like cyclones and the atmosphere at large – connections that are often hard to observe on Earth where they are much smaller and more ephemeral. However, she added, a long-awaited new satellite known to researchers as SWOT, is poised to make these kinds of ocean phenomena vastly easier to observe.

“There is some cosmic beauty in finding out that these physical mechanisms on Earth exist on other far-away planets,” said Siegelman.

Intersections Concert Series Presents Kevin Flournoy

An unstoppable behind the scenes force of musical nature since his 1994 breakthrough as a producer with “Sweet Sensual Love,” Big Mountain’s follow-up to their smash “Baby I Love Your Way,” and keyboardist on their Reggae Sunsplash tour, Kevin Flournoy has amassed a dizzyingly prolific all-star resume in the jazz, pop and R&B realms over the past three decades.

Driven by an expansive, panoramic perspective on music, and starting with his subsequent 90s work with The Emotions, Teena Marie and Ronnie Laws (helming the saxophonist’s Blue Note tribute album Harvest for the World – Portrait of the Isley Brothers), Kevin has written, performed or recorded with Chaka Khan, Babyface, Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight, Jeffrey Osborne, The Pointer Sisters, Jennifer Hudson, Howard Hewett, Jamie Foxx, The Jazz Crusaders and contemporary jazz greats Boney James, Norman Brown, Kirk Whalum and Harvey Mason. In the 2000s, Flournoy toured with Donny Osmond for six years.

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Now, marking an extraordinary 30 years as the music industry’s premiere “go-to” guy in a multitude of arenas, Kevin is finally emerging as a recording artist in his own right, writing, recording and producing his independent debut album Vers•a•tility. Much like Quincy Jones did in the 80s and 90s with his epic eclectic albums The Dude, Back on the Block, Q’s Jook Joint and From Q, With Love, the keyboardist/producer features a dynamic array of guest artists, complementing legends he has worked with throughout his career with hand-selected young and vibrant artists on the rise. The collection features eight vocal tracks and four instrumentals spotlighting Kevin’s brilliance as a keyboardist and composer.

Kevin in part credits his father, a marine who played trombone, for cultivating his love for music early on by taking him and his siblings to a local music store in Barstow, CA to pick out an instrument to play. Kevin played guitar for several years before gravitating to his sister’s original instrument, the organ and ultimately piano. A professor at Kevin’s future alma mater University of California San Diego, Jimmy Cheatham, introduced him to the music of Count Basie when he was 15 and Kevin played in a big band for five years. Kevin earned a B.A. in Electrical Engineering with a minor in Music Science and Technology. Another major influence on Kevin as he made his way in the music industry was Marvin Gaye’s onetime musical director Nolan Shaheed.

In addition to his work with countless artists and working on numerous TV projects including American Idol, Kevin is the creator of an original video music-talk program called The K-Flow Show, a fresh take on the traditional music/talk show featuring organic live performances by celebrity and independent pop artists. Conceived as something of a mix between Hugh Hefner’s classic TV show Playboy After Dark, MTV Unplugged and Daryl Hall’s Live from Daryl’s House, The K Flow Show – which takes place in an intimate, living room type setting – will also spotlight instrumental performers and TV and film actors. Kevin has brought a live version of The K Flow Show to the Miracle Theatre in Inglewood, CA and in January 2024 will bring the special presentation to the Blues and Jazz Festival in Ghana, Africa.

Kevin is also deeply involved in a philanthropic effort as producer of a celebrity recording compilation On a Very Special Note, which will benefit The Art of the Olympians and the World Harmony Run/Peace Run – a project that will ultimately benefit people all over the globe. The original songs for the project have been composed by Kevin for each celebrity participant. A very important strategic promotional alliance with the Peace Run organization was forged when Kevin was honored with the Sri Chinmoy-Torch-Bearer Award, given to individuals who support and contribute to making the world a better place. Previous recipients include Archbishop Kevin Tutu, Russell Simmons, Carl Lewis and Billie Jean King.

Sixth Annual Women in Leadership 2024 Exemplifies Astronaut Sally Ride’s Legacy of Reaching for the Stars

What can women do to identify their passions and make a mark on the world? How do they reinvent themselves, handle pressure and deal with discrimination? What should women leaders do to represent other women and advance opportunities? 

These were among the provocative questions that the Women in Leadership 2024 panelists tackled thoughtfully and candidly on Thursday, May 23, before a sold-out audience in the UC San Diego Price Center East Ballroom. Held annually in May to mark Sally Ride’s birthday month, the Women in Leadership event honors Ride’s passion for the future and women’s role in it. 

The event is produced by Sally Ride Science @ UC San Diego within the Division of Extended Studies, an organization founded by Ride, her life partner, Tam O’Shaughnessy and three colleagues to honor a decades-long legacy of blazing new trails and promoting equity and inclusion. O’Shaughnessy conceived of the first Women in Leadership event in 2018 to celebrate the dedication of a U.S. Postal Service Forever stamp in Ride’s honor. From that lively and thought-provoking conversation emerged the idea of an annual gathering to inspire girls and women to embrace leadership roles.

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Sponsored this year by the Vertex IWILL Employee Resource Network (Inspiring Women in Leadership and Learning) and the UC San Diego Office of the Chancellor, the 2024 edition brought together panelists Ina Garten, cookbook author, television host and former White House budget analyst; Michelle K. Hanabusa, founder and creative director of UPRISERS® and co-founder of Hate Is A Virus; and Margot Lee Shetterly, author of the No. 1 New York Times Bestseller “Hidden Figures,” which inspired a No. 1 hit film. Award-winning author and journalist Lynn Sherr steered their discussion.

Among attendees were representatives from UC San Diego campus and Division of Extended Studies leadership, including Executive Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs Elizabeth H. Simmons; Vice Chancellor for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Becky R. Petitt; Dean of UC San Diego Extended Studies Hugo Villar; Senior Associate Dean of UC San Diego Division of Extended Studies Ed Abeyta; and Morgan Appel, Assistant Dean for Education and Community Outreach at the Division of Extended Studies.

The Women in Leadership event continues to grow each year and push the boundaries of inclusivity and aspiration. As Executive Vice Chancellor Simmons noted in her introductory remarks, the annual occasion serves to “inspire people of all gender identities to forge their own paths and become innovators in pursuit of their dreams.”

Each May, this gathering presents an opportunity to assess how far we’ve come and what’s ahead. EVC Simmons expressed that Women in Leadership highlights and celebrates milestones of achievement and moments of bold firsts, yet it’s also a time to reflect on continuing disparities, obstacles yet to be overcome, and the rigorous commitment required.

“Here at UC San Diego, we derive our strength from our diversity, and this is something we need to remind ourselves of every single day. True Tritons like Sally Ride understand that only by welcoming and respecting and listening to people with different backgrounds and perspectives, can we discover truly revolutionary ideas and make transformational changes,” said EVC Simmons. “I’m proud that UC San Diego has a commitment toward becoming a community where everybody is empowered to succeed. Upholding our progress to date and continuing to make improvements requires us all to be relentlessly self-reflective and to diligently keep actively driving toward positive change.”

True Tritons like Sally Ride understand that only by welcoming and respecting and listening to people with different backgrounds and perspectives, can we discover truly revolutionary ideas and make transformational changes.

UC San Diego Executive Vice Chancellor Elizabeth H. Simmons

UC San Diego Vice Chancellor for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Becky R. Petitt made brief remarks, reflecting on Ride’s history and legacy at UC San Diego.

“We are incredibly honored that Sally Ride served as a professor at UC San Diego…She was an amazing role model, willing to make herself visible, willing to make science accessible and willing to inspire future generations,” said VC Petitt. “As you saw in the [introductory] video, Sally was fond of saying,‘You can’t be what you can’t see.’ We’re delighted to honor her legacy and to continue her work and celebrating women in leadership and cultivating the next generation of leaders at UC San Diego.”

VC Petitt noted the value and rewards of diversity in leadership.

“When women and girls are empowered to pursue leadership roles, we all benefit from the unique perspectives, innovation and experiences they bring to the work. Tonight we’ll have the opportunity to hear from an inspiring group of women, each of whom has broken barriers and set new standards of excellence.”

Wearable Ultrasound Patch Enables Continuous, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Flow

Engineers at the University of California San Diego have developed a wearable ultrasound patch that can offer continuous, non-invasive monitoring of blood flow in the brain. The soft and stretchy patch can be comfortably worn on the temple to provide three-dimensional data on cerebral blood flow—a first in wearable technology.

A team of researchers led by Sheng Xu, a professor in the Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, published their new technology on May 22 in Nature.

The wearable ultrasound patch marks a significant leap from the current clinical standard, called transcranial Doppler ultrasound. This method requires a trained technician to hold an ultrasound probe against a patient’s head. The process has its downsides, however. It is operator-dependent, so the accuracy of the measurement can vary based on the operator’s skill. It is also impractical for long-term use.

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Xu’s team developed a device that overcomes these hurdles. Their wearable ultrasound patch offers a hands-free, consistent and comfortable solution that can be worn continuously during a patient’s hospital stay.

“The continuous monitoring capability of the patch addresses a critical gap in current clinical practices,” said study co-first author Sai Zhou, a materials science and engineering Ph.D. candidate in Xu’s lab. “Typically, cerebral blood flow is monitored at specific times each day, and those measurements do not necessarily reflect what may happen during the rest of the day. There can be undetected fluctuations between measurements. If a patient is about to experience an onset of stroke in the middle of the night, this device could offer information that is crucial for timely intervention.”

Patients who are undergoing and recovering from brain surgery can also benefit from this technology, noted Geonho Park, another co-first author of this study who is a chemical and nano engineering Ph.D. student in Xu’s lab.

The patch, roughly the size of a postage stamp, is constructed from a silicone elastomer embedded with several layers of stretchy electronics. One layer consists of an array of small piezoelectric transducers, which produce ultrasound waves when electrically stimulated and receive ultrasound waves reflected from the brain. Another key component is a copper mesh layer—made of spring-shaped wires—that enhances signal quality by minimizing interference from the wearer’s body and environment. The rest of the layers consist of stretchable electrodes.

During use, the patch is connected through cables to a power source and computer. To achieve 3D monitoring, the researchers integrated ultrafast ultrasound imaging into the system. Unlike standard ultrasound, which captures about 30 images per second, ultrafast imaging captures thousands of images per second. This high frame rate is necessary for collecting robust data from the piezoelectric transducers in the patch, which would otherwise suffer from low signal intensity due to the strong reflection of the skull.

The data are then post-processed using custom algorithms to reconstruct 3D information such as the size, angle and position of the brain’s major arteries.

“The cerebral vasculature is a complex structure with multiple branching vessels. You need a device capable of capturing this three-dimensional information to get the whole picture and obtain more accurate measurements,” said Xinyi Yang, another co-first author of this study and materials science and engineering Ph.D. student in Xu’s lab.

In this study, the patch was tested on 36 healthy volunteers for its ability to measure blood flow velocities—peak systolic, mean flow and end diastolic velocities—in the brain’s major arteries. Participants engaged in activities affecting blood flow, such as hand-gripping, breath-holding and reading. The patch’s measurements closely matched those obtained with a conventional ultrasound probe.

Next, the researchers plan to collaborate with clinicians at UC San Diego School of Medicine to test the patch on patients with neurological conditions that impact cerebral blood flow. Xu has co-founded a startup company called Softsonics to commercialize this technology.

New ‘Atlas’ Provides Unprecedented Insights on How Genes Function in Early Embryo Development

Although the Human Genome Project announced the completed sequencing of 20,000 human genes more than 20 years ago, scientists are still working to grasp how fully formed beings emerge from basic genetic instructions.

Biomedical efforts to learn how disorders can take hold in the earliest stages of development would benefit from knowing specifically how complex organisms arise from a single fertilized cell. Researchers from the University of California San Diego have captured a new understanding of how embryonic development unfolds through the lens of a simple model organism.

This gallery depicts a collection of embryos after genes were blocked one at a time. The distinct outcomes (or characteristics observed) for each embryo reflects the specific functions of the genes tested.

The comprehensive report led by School of Biological Sciences scientist Rebecca Green and Professor Karen Oegema provides a play-by-play of how genes function during embryonic development in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a millimeter-long roundworm known to biologists as “the worm.” Despite its tiny size, C. elegans has been a workhorse for scientists because so much of its biology, including early developmental stages, resembles that of higher organisms, including humans. The research, which forges a decade’s worth of work by a collaborative multidisciplinary team into a “genetic atlas,” is published in the journal Cell.

“By characterizing many of these poorly understood genes in a simple model organism, we can learn about what they are doing in more complex systems like humans,” said Green, a bioinformatics scientist and first author of the paper. “While the work is done using C. elegans, the majority of genes analyzed are present in humans and mutations in many of them are associated with human developmental disorders.”

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The researchers developed an automated system for profiling the function of genes required for embryogenesis, the process by which a fertilized egg, which starts as a single cell, develops into an organism with different tissues, such as skin, digestive tract, neurons and muscles. They used time-lapse 4-D imaging to methodically track the function of each gene throughout all embryonic stages, including when cell identity is determined and when the tissues in the organism take shape. The researchers monitored this process using an approach known as “computer vision” to track specific aspects of development, including the number of cells in each tissue. They also tracked the mass, position and shape of the tissues within the developing organism.

UC San Diego Team Wins Entrepreneurship Challenge for Third Year in a Row

When paramedics arrive at the scene, they confront a woman experiencing classic signs of a stroke. She is confused, slurring her words and having difficulty moving one arm. The first responders know that time is of the essence. For every minute that a stroke patient goes untreated, the more brain cells die and the worse the patient’s prognosis.

But treatment depends on what type of stroke it is—whether it is caused by a blockage of vessels or bleeding inside the brain. Administering the wrong treatment makes the patient’s condition worse. So there is little the paramedics can do except transport the patient to the hospital to be examined by medical staff there.

A team of students from the University of California San Diego hopes to rewrite the ending to stories like this one, which represent an all-too-common scenario; stroke is the second-leading cause of death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. The UC San Diego team wants to create a company to give first responders and emergency room personnel a new, portable and cost-effective tool to rapidly diagnose stroke patients and speed treatment.

The team’s pitch was awarded first place in the National Nanotechnology Entrepreneurship Challenge (NTEC), which also drew competitors from Stanford University, Virginia Tech and others of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure network. This is the third year in a row that a team from UC San Diego mentored by Yves Theriault, program manager for education and outreach at the UC San Diego Qualcomm Institute (QI), has won the competition.

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This year’s group is composed of Freddy Garcia, a nanoengineering Ph.D. student in the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering; Beeta Zamani ’24, an undergraduate nanoengineering major in the Jacobs School; and Laura Charria ’24, an undergraduate cognitive science major in the UC San Diego School of Social Sciences.

“It is a great team,” said Theriault, who was joined as a mentor this year by Oscar Vazquez Mena, who is Garcia’s Ph.D. advisor and an associate professor in the Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering. “It’s a winning technology.”

‘Novel Advantages’

The group’s proposal grew out of Garcia’s interest in metamaterials — materials engineered to have properties rarely observed in nature. Garcia realized that metamaterials could be used in conjunction with existing ultrasound technology to surmount current barriers to imaging the brain.

“The novelty of it all comes down to the metamaterials that we’re creating,” said Garcia. “Ultrasound waves propagate through skin — there’s no problem there — but when it comes to a bone like the skull, waves can’t get through. You just get a lot of diffraction. But with the metamaterials between the skull and the ultrasound waves, you can allow waves to go through by matching the impedance of the skull.”

As part of the NTEC program, the students sought out and interviewed potential customers to explore the market for products that could be created from this technology.

After completing 21 interviews, the students chose to focus on imaging for rapid diagnosis of strokes. While the competition in this space included portable CT scanners, these machines were expensive, bulky and energy- and staff-intensive compared to the ultrasound device the students wanted to offer.

 “We can essentially have a headgear that you put on [a patient],” Zamani said. “You’re able to leave that on and have imaging of the brain and extended blood flow monitoring, which are really novel advantages. Making that portable and accessible is really the niche that we’re trying to target.”

The Winning Formula

The NTEC competition culminated in a virtual showcase event in which each team presented a two-minute video about its work to a panel of judges.

“The competition was intense, very tough,” said Garcia. “And there was more competition than last year, because there were 15 groups instead of 10.”

Ultimately, though, the UC San Diego team prevailed.

Garcia credits his teammates. “Beeta and Laura really transformed this idea we had into something that was easy to digest and fun to look at with the presentation,” he said. “Everyone had great technology; it was interesting, cutting-edge. But, in the end, if you can’t really translate that to two minutes, you lose a lot of people. So the creativity, ideas, technology, innovation, and putting that all together into a two-minute video set us apart. I’m really proud to have these people on my team.”

 “Being able to work with your team — especially when it’s getting down to the deadlines — and to effectively communicate to your audience, your investors and your end-users is really so fundamental,” added Zamani.

Charria not only praised her teammates, but also called out the group’s origins in the Qualcomm Institute’s cleanroom facility, Nano3. “I feel it’s important to trace our group back to Nano3 and the Qualcomm Institute,” she said. “Without them, I wouldn’t have been able to meet everyone on the team, including Freddy, Beeta and Yves.”

New Technology Unscrambles the Chatter of Microbes

Researchers from University of California San Diego, as part of a large collaboration with scientists around the world, have developed a new search tool to help researchers better understand the metabolism of microorganisms. Microbes are key players in virtually all biological and environmental systems, yet limitations in current techniques used to study microbial metabolism make it difficult to decode their interactions and activities.

The new research, published February 5, 2023 in Nature Microbiology, directly addresses these limitations, which could ultimately transform our understanding of both human health and the environment.

“Humans are walking ecosystems in which microbes vastly outnumber us, but we know so little about the metabolites that microbes produce,” said senior study author Pieter Dorrestein, PhD, professor of pharmacology and pediatrics at UC San Diego School of Medicine and professor at Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at UC San Diego. “This technology allows us to match microbes to the metabolic signatures they produce without any prior knowledge, which represents a major leap forward in our ability to study microorganisms and their intricate relationships with humans and ecosystems.”

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The groundbreaking tool, which the scientists call microbeMASST, was developed by scientists at UC San Diego’s Collaborative Microbial Metabolite Center, an NIH-supported initiative that aims to build an internationally-curated repository of microbial metabolomics data to help researchers studying the complex interaction between microbes and humans.

Beneficial microbes play a key role in human health by colonizing certain areas of the body, including the skin, where they protect us against external pathogens, and the gut, where they contribute to essential functions such as nutrient absorption and regulating the immune system. Disruption of the microbial communities in our body is associated with a wide range of diseases.

“This resource will help us mechanistically interrogate the role of the microbiome in health conditions such as liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis and others,” added Dorrestein.

Microbes are also at the center of important environmental processes, such as the carbon and nitrogen cycles. When microbial communities involved in these processes are disrupted, it can become harder for ecosystems to cycle nutrients, leading to a wide range of destructive ecological imbalances.

Because of their crucial role in the environment and their interactions with larger organisms, the metabolism of microbes is a driving force in virtually all aspects of biology. However, the vast metabolic potential of microbial communities is often overlooked in modern experiments, which generally only look at microbial metabolism with a wide lens.

“One of the challenges of studying microbes at the molecular level is that it’s difficult to tell which microbes are producing which molecules unless you already know what you’re looking for,” said first author Simone Zuffa, a postdoctoral researcher working with Dorrestein. “If you think of colonies of microbes as crowded parties with lots of people talking, our current experiments can only record the sound, but we want to figure out a way to unscramble that audio to figure out who is saying what.”

“Humans are walking ecosystems in which microbes vastly outnumber us, but we know so little about the metabolites that microbes produce. This technology allows us to match microbes to the metabolic signatures they produce without any prior knowledge, which represents a major leap forward in our ability to study microorganisms and their intricate relationships with humans and ecosystems.”

Pieter Dorrestein, PhD

To help produce the new search tool, which the researchers have called microbeMASST, researchers from the Collaborative Microbial Metabolite Center at UC San Diego collected more than 100 million data points from 60,000 distinct microbial samples, gathered by scientists from across the world. This database has been meticulously curated from community contributions and metadata curation, and includes microbes from plants, soils, oceans, lakes, fish, terrestrial animals and humans.

By cross-referencing an experimental sample with this massive library of individual microbes, microbeMASST can detect which microbes are present in that sample.

“There’s no existing tool that can do this, and ours can do it in seconds,” added Zuffa.

Because microbeMASST can identify microbes in a sample without any prior knowledge, the researchers are confident that the applications of the technology extend into various fields of biology, such as aquaculture, agriculture, biotechnology, and studying microbial-mediated health conditions.

“We anticipate that microbeMASST will be a transformative resource for the life sciences research community,” said Dorrestein. “Further, the tool will only improve over time as the community gathers more data for the system to reference.”

UC San Diego co-authors on the study include: Simone Zuffa, Robin Schmid, Anelize Bauermeister, Paulo Wender P. Gomes, Andres M. Caraballo-Rodriguez, Yasin El Abiead, Jasmine Zemlin, Michael J. Meehan, Allegra T. Aron, Nicole E. Avalon, Nuno Bandeira, William H. Gerwick, Ekaterina Buzun, Marvic Carrillo Terrazas, Chia-Yun Hsu, Renee Oles, Adriana Vasquez Ayala, Jiaqi Zhao, Hiutung Chu, Mirte C. M. Kuijpers, Sara L. Jackrel, Benjamin S. Pullman, Rob Knight and Daniel McDonald.

Additional co-authors include: Alegra T. Aron at University of Denver, Emily C. Gentry at Virginia Tech, Robert H. Cichewicz at University of Oklahoma, Fidele Tugizimana, Lerato Pertunia Nephali and Ian A. Dubery at University of Johannesburg, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala at University of Venda, Eduarda Antunes Moreira, Leticia Veras Costa-Lotufo, Norberto Peporine Lopes and Paula Rezende-Teixeira at University of São Paulo, Paula C. Jimenez at Federal University of São Paulo, Bipin Rimal, Andrew D. Patterson, Matthew F. Traxler and Rita de Cassia Pessotti at Pennsylvania State University, Daniel Alvarado-Villalobos, Giselle Tamayo-Castillo, Priscila Chaverri, Efrain Escudero-Leyva and Luis-Manuel Quiros-Guerrero, at University of Costa Rica, Alexandre Jean Bory, Juliette Joubert, Adriano Rutz, Jean-Luc Wolfender and Pierre-Marie Allard at University of Geneva, Andreas Sichert and Sammy Pontrelli at ETH Zurich, Katia Gindro and Josep Massana-Codina at Agroscope, Berenike C. Wagner, Karl Forchhammer and Daniel Petras at University of Tuebingen, Nicole Aiosa and Neha Garg. At Georgia Institute of Technology, Manuel Liebeke and Patric Bourceau at Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Kyo Bin Kang at Sookmyung Women’s University, Henna Gadhavi, Luiz Pedro Sorio de Carvalho and Mariana Silva dos Santos at The Francis Crick Institute, Alicia Isabel Pérez-Lorente, Carlos Molina-Santiago and Diego Romero at Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Raimo Franke and Mark Brönstrup at Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Arturo Vera Ponce de León, Phillip Byron Pope and Sabina Leanti La Rosa, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Giorgia La Barbera and Henrik M. Roager at University of Copenhagen, Martin Frederik Laursen, Technical University of Denmark, Fabian Hammerle, Bianka Siewert and Ursula Peintner at University of Innsbruck, Cuauhtemoc Licona-Cassani and Lorena Rodriguez-Orduña at Tecnologico de Monterrey, Evelyn Rampler, Felina Hildebrand, Gunda Koellensperger, Harald Schoeny, Katharina Hohenwallner and Lisa Panzenboeck at University of Vienna, Rachel Gregor, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ellis Charles O’Neill, Eve Tallulah Roxborough and Jane Odoi at University